Cathode for a cell of a lithium-ion battery, its manufacturing process and the battery incorporating it

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a cathode that is usable in a cell of a lithium-ion battery comprising an electrolyte based on a lithium salt and on a non-aqueous solvent, to a process for manufacturing this cathode and to a lithium-ion battery having one or more cells incorporating this cathode. This cathode is based on a polymer composition, obtained by melt processing and without solvent evaporation, that is the product of a hot compounding reaction between an active material and additives including a polymer binder and an electrically conductive filler. According to the invention, the binder is based on at least one crosslinked elastomer and the additives furthermore comprise at least one non-volatile organic compound usable in the electrolyte solvent, the composition advantageously includes the active material in a mass fraction greater than or equal to 90%.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a cathode that is usable in a cell of a lithium-ion battery, to a process for manufacturing this cathode, and to a lithium-ion battery having one or more cells incorporating this cathode.

BACKGROUND

There are two main types of lithium storage battery: lithium-metal batteries, where the negative electrode is made of lithium metal (which material causes problems with safety when in the presence of a liquid electrolyte), and lithium-ion batteries, where the lithium remains in the ionic state. Lithium-ion batteries consist of at least two conductive Coulombic electrodes of different polarities, the negative electrode or anode (generally made of graphite) and the positive electrode or cathode (generally made of an oxide of a transition metal, such as an oxide of vanadium or cobalt, or made of a lithiated iron phosphate such as, for example, described in documents U.S. Pat. No. 6,514,640 or WO-A1-2011/092283), between which electrodes a separator is located, which separator consists of an electrical insulator imbibed with an aprotic electrolyte based on Li⁺ cations ensuring the ionic conductivity. The electrolytes used in these lithium-ion batteries usually consist of a lithium salt, for example of formula LiPF₆, LiAsF₆, LiCF₃SO₃ or LiClO₄, which is dissolved in a mixture of non-aqueous solvents such as acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or more often a carbonate, for example of ethylene or propylene.

The active material of the cathode of a lithium-ion battery allows reversible insertion/removal of lithium into/from this cathode, and the higher the mass fraction of this active material in the cathode, the higher its capacity. The cathode must also contain an electrically conductive compound, such as carbon black and, in order to provide it with sufficient mechanical cohesion, a polymer binder. A lithium-ion battery is thus based on the reversible exchange of lithium ions between the anode and the cathode during the charging and discharging of the battery, and, for a very low weight, by virtue of the physical properties of lithium, such a battery has a high energy density.

The cathodes of lithium-ion batteries are most often manufactured using a process comprising, in succession, a step of dissolving or dispersing the various ingredients of the cathode in a solvent, a step of spreading the obtained solution or dispersion on a metallic current collector, and then lastly a step of evaporating this solvent. Many types of polymer binders can be used, among which mention may firstly be made of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), which is more easily compatible with a cathode operating at a high operating voltage (more than 4 V) because of the presence of fluorine, but also, for example, polyacrylonitriles (PAN) with polybutylacrylate latexes.

Processes for manufacturing the cathodes of lithium-ion batteries that use an organic solvent have many drawbacks with respect to the environment and safety. In particular, it is, in this case, necessary to evaporate large amounts of such solvents, which are toxic or inflammable.

As for processes that use an aqueous solvent to manufacture these cathodes, their major drawback is that the cathode must be very thoroughly dried before they can be used, traces of water being known to limit the useful lifetime of lithium storage batteries.

It is therefore highly desirable, for lithium-ion batteries, to prepare cathodes that are manufactured without using solvents. It is in this context that processes for manufacturing cathodes for lithium-ion batteries using melt processing techniques (for example extrusion) have been described in the literature.

Unfortunately, these melt processes cause major difficulties in the case of lithium-ion batteries, which, as is known, require a mass fraction of active material in the polymer mixture of the cathode of at least 90% for the latter to have sufficient capacity in the lithium-ion battery. However, at such contents of active material the viscosity of the cathode polymer mixture becomes very high, and leads to a risk of the mixture over-heating or losing its mechanical cohesion once it is in use.

Document U.S. Pat. No. 6,939,383 describes the extrusion of a polymer composition comprising a poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(glycidyl ether) copolymer for a ionically conducting polymer for solventless implementation of a cathode for a lithium-polymer battery. However, the mass fraction of active material in the single cathode polymer composition manufactured in this document is only 64.5%.

Document U.S. Pat. No. 5,749,927 discloses a process for the continuous preparation of lithium-polymer batteries by extrusion, which process comprises compounding the active material with an electrical conductor and a solid electrolyte composition comprising a polymer, a lithium salt and a propylene carbonate/ethylene carbonate mixture greatly in excess over this polymer. In this document, the mass fraction of active material present in the cathode polymer composition is also below 70%.

Thus, a major drawback of these known melt processes for manufacturing cathodes for lithium storage batteries is that the mass fractions of active material in the cathode polymer composition are insufficient to obtain high-performance cathodes specifically for lithium-ion batteries.

SUMMARY

One aim of the present invention is therefore to provide a process, for manufacturing a cathode, that overcomes all of the aforementioned drawbacks, and this aim is achieved since the Applicant has discovered, surprisingly, that if an active material and additives comprising a crosslinked elastomer matrix, an electrically conductive filler and a non-volatile (i.e. having a boiling point above 150° C. at an atmospheric pressure of 1.013×10⁵ Pa) organic compound, are hot compounded, without solvent evaporation, then a cathode polymer composition is obtained that is usable in a lithium-ion battery comprising an electrolyte based on a lithium salt and on a non-aqueous solvent, with a fraction of this active material in the composition clearly higher than those obtained previously by melt processing, and advantageously greater than or equal to 90%, the one or more organic compounds advantageously being used as a solvent for the electrolyte.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A cathode according to the invention, usable in a cell of a lithium-ion battery comprising an electrolyte based on a lithium salt and on a non-aqueous solvent, is thus based on a polymer composition, obtained by melt processing and without solvent evaporation, that is the product of a hot compounding reaction between an active material and additives comprising a polymer binder and an electrically conductive filler, and the cathode is such that the binder is based on at least one crosslinked elastomer and such that these additives furthermore comprise at least one non-volatile organic compound usable in this electrolyte solvent, the composition comprising the active material in a mass fraction advantageously greater than or equal to 90%.

It will be noted that this very high mass fraction of active material in the cathode according to the invention ensures that the or each cell obtained is a high-performance cell and therefore that the lithium-ion battery incorporating them is a high-performance battery.

It will also be noted that the uniform distribution of said at least one crosslinked elastomer in the composition ensures the mechanical strength of the cathode.

Advantageously, said active material may comprise at least one lithiated polyanionic compound or complex having an operating voltage below 4 V and preferably carbon coated, such as a lithiated metal M phosphate of formula LiMPO₄ (also called phosph-olivine), such as a carbon-coated lithium-iron phosphate having the formula C—LiFePO₄.

Specifically, it will be noted that the active material used in the composition of the present invention may consist of elementary carbon-coated particles or agglomerates of elementary particles comprising a carbon coating or deposit.

Preferably, said at least one elastomer is a peroxide-crosslinked diene elastomer and, even more preferably, a hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR). Also preferably, said at least one elastomer may be present in said composition in a mass fraction between 1% and 5%.

Advantageously, said at least one non-volatile organic compound may comprise a carbonate, preferably a carbonate of at least one olefin such as ethylene, which is preferably used in the electrolyte composition.

It will be noted that using such a carbonate, such as an ethylene carbonate, advantageously allows:

-   -   the filler content in the composition to be increased;     -   the inherent risks with respect to the toxicity of volatile         organic compounds (VOC), used in conventional processes for         manufacturing cathodes, to be avoided because this carbonate is         a product that is solid at room temperature and much less         hazardous to handle; and     -   the cathode polymer composition to be used without evaporating         the carbonate beforehand, and the incorporation of the         electrolyte into the cathode to be made easier because this         carbonate is one of the main constituents of electrolytes used         at the present time in lithium-ion batteries.

Also advantageously, said at least one organic compound may be present in said composition in a mass fraction between 0.1% and 5%.

It will be noted that the invention allows the salts required for operation of the cathode to be incorporated during its manufacture.

According to another feature of the invention, said additives may furthermore comprise a crosslinking system that is present in the composition in a mass fraction between 0.05% and 0.20%, and that preferably comprises an organic peroxide and a crosslinking co-agent in the case where said at least one elastomer is a diene elastomer such as a hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR).

According to another feature of the invention, said electrically conductive filler may be chosen from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, expanded graphite, carbon fibres, carbon nanotubes, graphene and their mixtures, and is present in the composition in a mass fraction between 1% and 5%.

A process, according to the invention, for manufacturing a cathode such as defined above, is characterized in that it comprises:

-   -   a) melt compounding, without solvent evaporation, in an internal         mixer or an extruder, of said active material and said additives         comprising said binder and said organic compound in the solid         state in order to obtain said composition in the crosslinkable         state, this active material preferably comprising at least one         lithiated polyanionic compound or complex such as a         carbon-coated lithiated iron phosphate of formula C—LiFePO₄; and     -   b) crosslinking and optionally hot forming this composition, in         order to obtain said crosslinked composition.

According to another feature of the invention, step a) may be carried out by compounding said binder into a powder premix of the other ingredients of the composition, for example at a temperature between 60° C. and 80° C. in an internal mixer.

According to another feature of the invention, step b) may be carried out by hot pressing the crosslinkable composition.

Advantageously, the process of the invention may then comprise a step c) of rolling said crosslinked composition so as to deposit it on a metallic current collector with which said cathode is equipped.

A lithium-ion battery according to the invention comprises at least one cell comprising an anode, for example a graphite-based anode, a cathode such as defined above, and an electrolyte based on a lithium salt and on a non-aqueous solvent.

According to another advantageous feature of the invention said electrolyte solvent may comprise said at least one non-volatile organic compound of the cathode.

According to another aspect of the invention, said cathode comprises a metallic current collector making contact with at least one film made of said polymer composition.

Other features, advantages and details of the present invention will become clear from reading the following non-limiting description of an exemplary embodiment of the invention, given by way of illustration.

EXAMPLE 1

A cathode polymer composition was prepared in an Haacke internal mixer at 70° C., the composition comprising the following constituents expressed in mass fraction (%):

HNBR binder (“Therban 4307”) 2.68 Carbon black 2.68 Ethylene carbonate 0.54 Active material C—LiFePO₄ 93.97 Crosslinking system: Dicumyl peroxide 0.08 Triallyl cyanurate (TAC) 0.05

The various compounds were introduced into this internal mixer in succession, starting with the hydrogenated nitrile rubber by way of a crosslinkable diene elastomer (HNBR binder), and then a premix in powder form of the other ingredients above. After this compounding, and hot pressing at 170° C. for 10 minutes simultaneously allowing the binder to be crosslinked, a 1 mm-thick electrode able to form a cathode inside a cell of a lithium-ion battery, after deposition on a current collector with which this cathode is equipped, was obtained directly.

It will be noted that the very high mass fraction (higher than 93%) of active material in this cathode ensures that the or each cell obtained is a high-performance cell and therefore that the lithium-ion battery incorporating them is a high-performance battery.

“Control” Example, not According to the Invention:

A “control” composition having the same formulation (i.e. the same amounts of the same ingredients) as that of Example 1 was prepared by dispersing/dissolving said ingredients in a MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone) solvent—i.e. using a process that did not conform to the melt process of the invention—this “control” composition being deposited by coating on a current collector.

It has be observed that the “control” cathode obtained by dispersing/dissolving had intrinsic physical properties that were very different to those of the cathode of Example 1, especially in terms of morphology (scanning electron microscope “SEM” micrographs), bulk density and electrical conductivity, as may be seen in Table 1 below.

In particular, it may be noted that the bulk density of the cathode obtained by melt processing (Example 1, without solvent) is clearly higher than 1—lying between 1.5 and 2—i.e. more than two times higher than the bulk density of the “control” cathode obtained with solvent.

TABLE 1 Cathode of “Control” Example 1 cathode Bulk density 1.854 0.777 Electrical conductivity (S/cm) 0.0392 0.0065 

The invention claimed is:
 1. Cathode usable in a cell of a lithium-ion battery comprising an electrolyte based on a lithium salt and on a non-aqueous electrolyte solvent, the cathode being based on a polymer composition, obtained by melt processing and without solvent evaporation, that is the product of a hot compounding reaction between an active material and additives comprising a polymer binder and an electrically conductive filler, wherein said binder is based on at least one crosslinked elastomer and in that said additives furthermore comprise at least one non-volatile organic compound, which is defined by having a boiling point above 150° C. at an atmospheric pressure of 1.013×10⁵ Pa, usable in said electrolyte solvent, the composition comprising said active material in a mass fraction greater than or equal to 90%.
 2. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said active material comprises at least one lithiated polyanionic compound or complex having an operating voltage below 4 V.
 3. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said at least one elastomer is a peroxide-crosslinked diene elastomer.
 4. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said at least one elastomer is present in said composition in a mass fraction between 1% and 5%.
 5. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said at least one organic compound comprises a carbonate.
 6. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said at least one organic compound is present in said composition in a mass fraction between 0.1% and 5%.
 7. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said additives furthermore comprise a crosslinking system that is present in said composition in a mass fraction between 0.05% and 0.20%, and that comprises an organic peroxide and a crosslinking co-agent in the case where said at least one elastomer is a diene elastomer.
 8. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said electrically conductive filler is chosen from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, expanded graphite, carbon fibres, carbon nanotubes, graphene and their mixtures, and is present in said composition in a mass fraction between 1% and 5%.
 9. Process for manufacturing a cathode according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises: a) melt compounding, without solvent evaporation, in an internal mixer or an extruder, of said active material and said additives comprising said binder and said organic compound in the solid state in order to obtain said composition in the crosslinkable state, this active material comprising at least one lithiated polyanionic compound or complex; and b) crosslinking and optionally hot forming this composition, in order to obtain a crosslinked composition.
 10. Manufacturing process according to claim 9, wherein step a) is carried out by compounding said binder into a powder premix of the other ingredients of the composition at a temperature between 60° C. and 80° C. in an internal mixer.
 11. Manufacturing process according to claim 9, wherein step b) is carried out by hot pressing said crosslinkable composition.
 12. Manufacturing process according to claim 9, wherein said method then comprises a step c) of rolling said crosslinked composition so as to deposit it on a metallic current collector with which said cathode is equipped.
 13. Lithium-ion battery comprising at least one cell comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte based on a lithium salt and on a non-aqueous solvent, wherein said cathode is as defined in claim
 1. 14. Lithium-ion battery according to claim 13, wherein said electrolyte solvent comprises said at least one non-volatile organic compound of the cathode.
 15. Lithium-ion battery according to claim 13, wherein said cathode comprises a metallic current collector making contact with at least one film made of said polymer composition.
 16. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said active material comprises at least one lithiated polyanionic compound or complex having an operating voltage below 4 V and that is carbon coated.
 17. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said lithiated polyanionic compound or complex comprises lithiated metal M phosphate of formula LiMPO₄, where M is an iron atom.
 18. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said at least one elastomer is a hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR).
 19. Cathode according to claim 1, wherein said at least one organic compound comprises a carbonate of at least one olefin.
 20. Lithium-ion battery comprising at least one cell comprising a graphite-based anode, a cathode and an electrolyte based on a lithium salt and on a non-aqueous solvent, wherein said cathode is as defined in claim
 1. 